Plasmonic nanomaterials have attracted significant attention in recent years due to their exceptional near-field enhancement, photothermal, and photomechanical effects, resulting in remarkable progress in fields such as energy, catalysis, optics, and biomedicine. Particularly in biomedicine, their applications have played a crucial role in developing ultrasensitive biosensing strategies and effective therapeutic approaches. In this paper, we explore plasmonic nanomaterials from three key perspectives: near-field enhancement, photothermal effect, and photomechanical effect. We summarize the latest advancements in their applications in biomedical fields such as sensing, imaging, and therapy, and provide insights into future development directions in this field.

Bound states in the continuums (BICs) have attracted extensive attention in biological and chemical sensing. This is because they can significantly confine the light field and enhance light?matter interactions at the sub-wavelength scale. Currently, we have witnessed the emergence of several metaphotonic devices based on BICs. These devices are expected to break through the limitations of traditional biosensing in aspects such as miniaturization, specificity, and sensitivity. In this review, starting from BICs-based metaphotonic devices on different platforms, we systematically summarize the applications of metallic BICs, all-dielectric BICs, hybrid metal?dielectric BICs, and microfluidic BICs in biosensing fields, including refractive index sensing, surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy, and chiral sensing. Finally, we also explore the current limitations of BICs-based biosensor devices and discuss potential solutions to overcome these challenges in the future.

With the synergistic advancement of micro/nano-fabrication technologies and intelligent control systems, medical microrobots are progressively overcoming the dual limitations of operational precision and invasiveness inherent in traditional diagnostic and therapeutic techniques, thereby providing innovative tools for precision medicine in critical diseases. However, current research predominantly focuses on artificially synthesized materials, whose complex fabrication processes and inherent immunogenicity risks not only lead to rapid clearance by the host immune system but also restrict their long-term therapeutic applications in deep tissues. The in situ construction of medical microrobots based on natural biological cells, achieved through precise modulation of their behaviors via external fields, may offer a transformative solution to resolve these challenges. This review systematically summarizes the design strategies of seven representative cell-based microrobots, including chemotactic bacteria, photosynthetic microalgae, autonomous contractile cardiomyocytes, red blood cells, platelets, macrophages, and neutrophils, with a focus on their recent advancements in drug delivery, minimally invasive surgery, and immunotherapy. Furthermore, this work critically analyzes the current challenges while outlining future research directions and clinical translation prospects.

Microlenses have attracted considerable attention in the field of micro-/nano-optics due to their unique optical properties and simple structures, which allow them to be integrated into diverse optical systems to enhance optical performance. However, artificially fabricated optical microlenses face limitations in biocompatibility, biodegradability, and dynamic responsiveness. Natural biological optical microsystems provide inspiration for overcoming these constraints. It has been found that living cells and their microstructures exhibit lensing effects, functioning as natural dynamic optical components capable of performing optical functions within biophotonics research platforms. This paper analyzes biological microlensing techniques associated of algae, bacteria, red blood cells, and subcellular structures, and systematically summarizes their innovative application outcomes in key areas such as optical imaging, optical detection, optical manipulation, and optical transmission. Furthermore, the challenges and prospects for microlenses derived from living cells in the development of biophotonic devices are discussed.

As the central focus in modern life sciences, precision medicine has been significantly propelled by breakthroughs in micro/nano-robotic technology. Compared to other actuation approaches, light-driven micro/nanorobots offer distinct advantages, including non-contact precision manipulation, dynamic programmability, and superior biocompatibility. This paper systematically introduces the key motion-control mechanisms of light-driven micro/nanorobots, including direct optical manipulation, bio-phototactic propulsion, photothermal actuation, photochemical propulsion, and photoinduced-deformation propulsion. It highlights their innovative applications in core areas of precision medicine, such as targeted drug delivery, clearance of biological threats, minimally invasive therapy, disease diagnosis, and biosensing. Current challenges are also critically addressed, encompassing optical control in deep tissues, long-term biosafety in vivo, and intelligent system integration. Future directions are proposed through synergistic integration of advanced optical technologies with artificial intelligence, aiming to advance the intelligent evolution and clinical translation of light-driven micro/nanorobots in precision medicine.

In view of the problems of large number of original data layers in computed tomography (CT) image acquisition and ease errors in the reconstruction process, we propose an improved FBP algorithm, which is integrated with Amira software for the 3D reconstruction of CT images. First, the improved Ram?Lak filtering is applied to CT images using MATLAB software for filtering. Second, the CT images are also binarized and cropped for preprocessing, the improved FBP algorithm is used to reconstruct two-dimensional CT images and generate multiple tomographic images. A comparison is made between the reconstruction results of the traditional FBP algorithm and the improved FBP algorithm. Finally, Amira software is employed to perform a three-dimensional reconstruction of the multiple tomographic images. The experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively solve problems such as redundant data collection, large spatial crosstalk, poor imaging effect, and high radiation dose in the actual clinical CT imaging process. Moreover, the obtained tomographic image edges are clearer, and the reconstructed 3D image of the finger is more intuitive and stereoscopic.

Fluorescence microscopy is a vital tool in biomedical research, enabling high-resolution imaging by using fluorescent dyes or proteins to label specific cells or molecules, which then emit fluorescence under a microscope. Light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) is an emerging three-dimensional imaging technology that achieves high-throughput, high-resolution 3D imaging by rapidly scanning thin samples. This technique offers advantages such as low phototoxicity and photobleaching, high photon efficiency, fast imaging speed, and high resolution. It is widely used in fields such as neuroscience, cell biology, and pathology. LSFM shows great potential in three-dimensional pathological analysis. Unlike traditional two-dimensional pathology slides, 3D pathological analysis provides complete spatial information on tissue structures, aiding in a more comprehensive understanding of disease mechanisms. The development of 3D pathological analysis significantly advances pathological research and clinical diagnostics, offering strong support for early disease detection, precise treatment, and personalized medicine. We first introduce the development of light-sheet microscopy and its applications in the pathological field, then discuss the main current approaches and methodologies for 3D pathological analysis. We focus on the potential applications of emerging multimodal large language models in pathological analysis.

We introduce a confocal functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) imaging system that utilizes a time-gated photon-counting technology. This innovative approach enables the acquisition of high sensitivity and high spatial resolution information within a confocal array while considering cost-effectiveness. The performance of the system is confirmed through a series of functional tests and phantom experiments. Results from these tests show that the system can freely set the position and width of the time gating window within a range of 0 to 10 ns, with a temporal resolution of 10 ps. Phantom experiment results indicate that the system achieves a quantitative ratio improvement of over 32.9% in the confocal array, an enhancement of more than 31.6% in the contrast-to-noise ratio, and an increase of over 29.5% in spatial fidelity. Therefore, the confocal fNIRS imaging system designed in this study, using time-gated photon-counting technology, effectively improves imaging quality at a reasonable cost. This provides instrumental support and methodological reference for related fNIRS research.